spring

Example Python program spring.py For Python version 2.x. To test your Python version use:

python --version

Modules

• import Tkinter
• import random
• import math

Methods

• def move_oval(i):
• def move_line(id, xi, xj):
• def Coulomb_force(xi, xj):
• def Hooke_force(xi, xj, dij):
• def move():

Code

Python tkinter example

#!/usr/bin/env python

# Force-Directed Graph Drawing

import Tkinter
import random
import math

# d = [
#     [.0, .3, .3, .0],
#     [.3, .0, .3, .0],
#     [.3, .3, .0, .3],
#     [.0, .0, .3, .0]
# ]

d = []
nrows = 5
ncols = 5
for i in xrange(nrows * ncols):
    ci = i % ncols
    ri = i / ncols
    dr = []
    for j in xrange(nrows * ncols):
        cj = j % ncols
        rj = j / ncols
        if ((ci == cj) and (ri == rj - 1 or ri == rj + 1)
            or (ri == rj and (ci == cj - 1 or ci == cj + 1))):
            dr.append(.1)
        else:
            dr.append(.0)
    d.append(dr)
# mass
alpha = 1.0
beta = .0001
k = 1.0
#damping
eta = .99
delta_t = .01

m = len(d)

root = Tkinter.Tk()

canvas = Tkinter.Canvas(root, width=500, height=500, background="yellow")
canvas.pack()

x = []
v = []
ids = []


def move_oval(i):
    newx = int(x[i][0] * 500)
    newy = int(x[i][1] * 500)
    canvas.coords(ids[i], newx - 5, newy - 5, newx + 5, newy + 5)

for i in xrange(m):
    xi = [random.random(), random.random()]
    x.append(xi)
    v.append([0.0, 0.0])
    id = canvas.create_oval(245, 245, 255, 255, fill="red")
    ids.append(id)
    move_oval(i)

lids = []


def move_line(id, xi, xj):
    canvas.coords(id,
                  int(xi[0] * 500),
                  int(xi[1] * 500),
                  int(xj[0] * 500),
                  int(xj[1] * 500))

for i in xrange(m):
    for j in xrange(m):
        if d[i][j] != 0:
            id = canvas.create_line(0, 0, 0, 0)
            lids.append(id)
            move_line(id, x[i], x[j])


def Coulomb_force(xi, xj):
    dx = xj[0] - xi[0]
    dy = xj[1] - xi[1]
    ds2 = dx * dx + dy * dy
    ds = math.sqrt(ds2)
    ds3 = ds2 * ds
    if ds3 == 0.0:
        const = 0
    else:
        const = beta / (ds2 * ds)
    return [-const * dx, -const * dy]


def Hooke_force(xi, xj, dij):
    dx = xj[0] - xi[0]
    dy = xj[1] - xi[1]
    ds = math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy)
    dl = ds - dij
    const = k * dl / ds
    return [const * dx, const * dy]


def move():
    ekint = [0.0, 0.0]
    for i in xrange(m):
        Fx = 0.0
        Fy = 0.0
        for j in xrange(m):
            if j == 1:
                continue
            dij = d[i][j]
            Fij = 0.0
            if dij == 0.0:
                Fij = Coulomb_force(x[i], x[j])
            else:
                Fij = Hooke_force(x[i], x[j], dij)
            Fx += Fij[0]
            Fy += Fij[1]
        v[i][0] = (v[i][0] + alpha * Fx * delta_t) * eta
        v[i][1] = (v[i][1] + alpha * Fy * delta_t) * eta
        ekint[0] = ekint[0] + alpha * (v[i][0] * v[i][0])
        ekint[1] = ekint[1] + alpha * (v[i][1] * v[i][1])

    print "total kinetic energy: %lf" % math.sqrt(ekint[0] * ekint[0] + ekint[1] * ekint[1])

    for i in xrange(m):
        x[i][0] += v[i][0] * delta_t
        x[i][1] += v[i][1] * delta_t
        move_oval(i)

    li = 0
    for i in xrange(m):
        for j in xrange(m):
            if d[i][j] != 0:
                id = lids[li]
                move_line(id, x[i], x[j])
                li += 1

    root.after(1, move)

root.after(1, move)

root.mainloop()

Useful Links

• Articles: https://python-commandments.org/
• Python shell: https://bsdnerds.org/learn-python/
• Tutorial: https://pythonprogramminglanguage.com/